Association pour la Diffusion du Neurofeedback en France

 Le neurofeedback et le Syndrome de Stress Post-Traumatique (SSPT)

Pourcentage de praticiens de neurofeedback dynamique rapportant une amélioration d'au moins 40% concernant le Syndrome de Stress Post-Traumatique :

41 % au bout de 10 séances.
82 % au-delà de 20 séances.

Résultats d'un rapport indépendant effectué en 2014 par Shane Parkhill, Bsc. Eng. sous la supervision de Charlène Zietsma, Ph. D (Next Delta Consulting). Sondage réalisé auprès de plusieurs centaines de praticiens utilisant le logiciel NeurOptimal de la société Zengar Institute, totalisant près de 3 millions d'heures de séances de neurofeedback en 2014. Pour accéder au rapport complet, cliquez ici (français) ou ici (anglais).
La valeur de 40% d'amélioration est retenue comme étant un niveau d'amélioration suffisamment satisfaisant pour justifier d'entreprendre une série de séances de neurofeedback.
 

 Recherches scientifiques sur le neurofeedback et le Syndrome de Stress Post-Traumatique, répertoriées dans la base PubMed

PubMed est le principal moteur de recherche des publications scientifiques de biologie et de médecine. Concernant le neurofeedback, les conclusions des études publiées sont souvent prudentes par principe, un peu dépassées (cf. date de l'étude), et bien en deçà de ce qui est observé aujourd'hui sur le terrain. La technologie mise en œuvre chez les praticiens est en effet bien plus avancée que celle utilisée pour les études scientifiques de validation qui s'appuient sur des protocoles de neurofeedback déjà bien connus, donc anciens. Dans le domaine du neurofeedback, c'est la technologie qui "tire" la science officielle en avant, et non pas l'inverse.

Les sociétés qui développent les équipements de neurofeedback n'ont pas les moyens financiers des laboratoires qui produisent les médicaments, et elles ne peuvent financer ces études officielles, ce qui explique leur nombre restreint. Pour le développement et l'amélioration constante des équipements de neurofeedback, ces sociétés s'appuient plutôt sur leurs recherches internes et sur les résultats cliniques rapportés par les praticiens.

Dans la base PubMed (interrogée en avril 2014, mais de nombreuses études ont été effectuées depuis cette date), les quatre études présentées ci-dessous évoquent incidemment ou principalement le Syndrome de Stress Post-Traumatique, mais le résumé ne permet pas toujours de conclure :

1.	"...le neurofeedback fut associé à une baisse de l'amplitude des ondes alpha durant la séance, suivi par une augmentation significative ('rebond') de la synchronisation alpha au repos. Ce rebond fut lié à un accroissement du calme..."
2.	"...un protocole de neurofeedback [...] dont les applications ultérieures [...] purent résoudre le Syndrome de Stress Post-Traumatique."
3.	"...le neurofeedback semble prometteur comme méthode pour rectifier le fonctionnement anormal des ondes cérébrales. On lui associe très peu d'effets secondaires et il est moins perturbant que d'autres méthodes de traitement des troubles biologiques du cerveau. Nous examinons les publications sur l'utilisation du neurofeedback pour les troubles de l'anxiété, incluant le Syndrome de Stress Post-Traumatique..."
4.	"Nous examinons cinq études, effectuées par Peniston et son équipe, constituant les principales publications pour le neurofeedback alpha-thêta pour l'alcoolisme et le Syndrome de Stress Post-Traumatique."

Liste des études :

 1. Plastic modulation of PTSD resting-state networks and subjective wellbeing by EEG neurofeedback.
Kluetsch RC, Ros T, Théberge J, Frewen PA, Calhoun VD, Schmahl C, Jetly R, Lanius RA.
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013 Nov 25. doi: 10.1111/acps.12229. [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback training has been shown to produce plastic modulations in salience network and default mode network functional connectivity in healthy individuals. In this study, we investigated whether a single session of neurofeedback training aimed at the voluntary reduction of alpha rhythm (8-12 Hz) amplitude would be related to differences in EEG network oscillations, functional MRI (fMRI) connectivity, and subjective measures of state anxiety and arousal in a group of individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
METHOD: Twenty-one individuals with PTSD related to childhood abuse underwent 30 min of EEG neurofeedback training preceded and followed by a resting-state fMRI scan.
RESULTS: Alpha desynchronizing neurofeedback was associated with decreased alpha amplitude during training, followed by a significant increase ('rebound') in resting-state alpha synchronization. This rebound was linked to increased calmness, greater salience network connectivity with the right insula, and enhanced default mode network connectivity with bilateral posterior cingulate, right middle frontal gyrus, and left medial prefrontal cortex.
CONCLUSION: Our study represents a first step in elucidating the potential neurobehavioural mechanisms mediating the effects of neurofeedback treatment on regulatory systems in PTSD. Moreover, it documents for the first time a spontaneous EEG 'rebound' after neurofeedback, pointing to homeostatic/compensatory mechanisms operating in the brain .

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PMID: 24266644 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

 2. A theory of alpha/theta neurofeedback, creative performance enhancement, long distance functional connectivity and psychological integration.
Gruzelier J.
Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, Lewisham Way, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK. j.gruzelier@gold.ac.uk
Cogn Process. 2009 Feb;10 Suppl 1:S101-9. Epub 2008 Dec 11.

Abstract
Professionally significant enhancement of music and dance performance and mood has followed training with an EEG-neurofeedback protocol which increases the ratio of theta to alpha waves using auditory feedback with eyes closed. While originally the protocol was designed to induce hypnogogia, a state historically associated with creativity, the outcome was psychological integration, while subsequent applications focusing on raising the theta-alpha ratio, reduced depression and anxiety in alcoholism and resolved post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). In optimal performance studies we confirmed associations with creativity in musical performance, but effects also included technique and communication. We extended efficacy to dance and social anxiety. Diversity of outcome has a counterpart in wide ranging associations between theta oscillations and behaviour in cognitive and affective neuroscience: in animals with sensory-motor activity in exploration, effort, working memory, learning, retention and REM sleep; in man with meditative concentration, reduced anxiety and sympathetic autonomic activation, as well as task demands in virtual spatial navigation, focussed and sustained attention, working and recognition memory, and having implications for synaptic plasticity and long term potentiation. Neuroanatomical circuitry involves the ascending mescencephalic-cortical arousal system, and limbic circuits subserving cognitive as well as affective/motivational functions. Working memory and meditative bliss, representing cognitive and affective domains, respectively, involve coupling between frontal and posterior cortices, exemplify a role for theta and alpha waves in mediating the interaction between distal and widely distributed connections. It is posited that this mediation in part underpins the integrational attributes of alpha-theta training in optimal performance and psychotherapy, creative associations in hypnogogia, and enhancement of technical, communication and artistic domains of performance in the arts.

PMID: 19082646 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 3. Neurofeedback with anxiety and affective disorders.
Hammond DC.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah School of Medicine, PM&R 30 No 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2119, USA. D.C.Hammond@m.cc.utah.edu
Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2005 Jan;14(1):105-23, vii.

Abstract
A robust body of neurophysiologic research is reviewed on functional brain abnormalities associated with depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. A review of more recent research finds that pharmacologic treatment may not be as effective as previously believed. A more recent neuroscience technology, electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback (neurofeedback), seems to hold promise as a methodology for retraining abnormal brain wave patterns. It has been associated with minimal side effects and is less invasive than other methods for addressing biologic brain disorders. Literature is reviewed on the use of neurofeedback with anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and with depression. Case examples are provided.

PMID: 15564054 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 4. Regarding the database for the Peniston alpha-theta EEG biofeedback protocol.
Graap K, Freides D.
Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 1998 Dec;23(4):265-72; 273-5.

Abstract
Five papers by Peniston and colleagues, which constitute the basic literature for alpha-theta EEG biofeedback treatment for alcoholism and posttraumatic stress disorder, are reviewed. As a result, we raise three questions: (a) Are the samples studied independent? (b) What was the clinical status of the participants prior to treatment? (c) What treatment did the participants actually receive? In seeking answers to these questions we aim to strengthen the database for neurofeedback with specific procedural information so that claims of efficacy can be tested and accepted or rejected on an objective basis.

PMID: 10457816 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Cliquez ici pour la liste des études concernant le neurofeedback répertoriées dans la base PubMed.
 

 Autres publications scientifiques non répertoriées dans la base PubMed

Graap, K., Ready, D. J., Freides, D., Daniels, B., & Baltzell, D. (1997). EEG biofeedback treatment for Vietnam veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy, 2(3), 65-66. [Conference Paper]

Peniston, E. G., Marrinan, D. A., Deming, W. A., & Kulkosky, P. J. (1993). EEG alpha-theta brainwave synchronization in Vietnam theater veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy, 6, 37-50.

Peniston, E. G., & Kulkosky, P. J. (1991). Alpha-theta brainwave neuro-feedback therapy for Vietnam veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical Psychotherapy, 4, 47-60.

Source : International Society for Neurofeedback & Research.

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